What is Part of Speech?
Part of speech is the name of words used in English sentences. We know a sentence builds with one, two, or more words. And every word falls into any part of speech according to its functions and meanings. Without having deep knowledge of it, none can go forward in English.
How many types of parts of speech are in English?
Parts of Speeches fall into eight categories. They are given below.
- Noun
- Pronoun
- Adjective
- Verb
- Adverb
- preposition
- Conjunction
- Interjection
Noun:
What is the definition of a Noun in English?
The word which is used to define the name of a person, place, object, action, quality, etc is called a noun.
How many kinds of Nouns are in Parts of Speech?
Generally, Nouns can be classified into five categories.
Classifications of Noun:
- Concrete Noun
- Proper Noun
- Common Noun
- Collective Noun
- Material Noun
- Abstract Noun
Concrete Noun: Names something one may see, hear, feel taste, or smell. The concrete noun has bodily existence and can be felt through sense organs. (flower, book, house, tree, etc.)
- Tress gives us oxygen without which none can live on earth.
Proper Noun: Names particular persons, places, or things. A proper noun always takes the capital letters. (John, Pitter, Henry, Canada, China, Srilanka, etc.)
- China will be the administrative country in the world.
Common Noun: A common noun is a name given in common to every person or thing of the same class. In short, names any one of a class of persons, places, or things. (human, country, city, student, vehicle, dramatist, etc)
- There is none but loves his own country.
Collective Noun: Names a group of people or things spoken of as a unit. (gang, union, committee, team, army, police, staff, association, club, company, crowd, family, crew, cattle, public, council, clergy, etc.)
- Our team will lose the match.
Material Noun: Names substances that things are made from. (salt, sugar, iron, gold, milk, water, rice, brick, etc.)
- All that glitters is not gold.
Abstract Noun: Names a quality, an idea, or an emotion. This kind of noun can't be seen in open eyes just felt in imagination. Generally, Abstract Nouns are considered as the singular number. (goodness, honesty, wisdom, kindness, whiteness, laughter, theft, hatred, judgment, childhood, youth, slavery, death, poverty, friendship, etc.)
- Poverty hinders all development efforts of the government,
In another sense, Nouns can also be classified into two categories:
- Countable Noun
- Singular
- Plural
- Uncountable Noun
Countable Noun: A count noun is one that can be counted. Count nouns can be preceded by a/an or number one, two, etc. (book, pen, table, etc.)
- a book, a pen, a table, one book, two books, one pen, two pens
Uncountable Noun: A non-count noun is one that can not be counted. Generally, an Uncountable Noun is considered singular in number. The following list contains some important non-count nouns.
- Fluids: oil, ink, milk, soup, water, tea, coffee
- Gasses: air, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide, fluorine
- Natural Phenomena: electricity, weather, sunshine, heat, darkness
- Materials too small to be counted: flour, rice, sand, dirt, salt, hair
- Academic discipline: Mathematics, Physics, Economics, Geography, Chemistry
- Abstract Noun: sympathy, courage, honesty, freedom, peace
- Other intangible: work, advice, information, knowledge
- Diseases: Cholera, Malaria, Diabetes, Influenza, Dysentery, Asthma, Pneumonia
- Languages: Bangla, English, French, German, Chinees, Cantonese
- Games: Cricket, hockey, chess, tennis, football, golf, gambling
- Verbal Noun: Camping, cooking, packing, jumping, running
Singular: Indicating to just one person or thing. (man, pencil)
- Nouns plural in form but singular in use: Mathematics, politics. gallows, innings, draughts, mechanics, mums, news, statistics, classics, United States, Brussels, etc.
Plural: Expressing two or more persons or things. (men, pencils)
- Nouns Singular in form but Plural in sense: Aristocracy, nobility, gentry, clergy, cattle, poultry, people, folk, peasantry, etc.
- Nouns that have no Singular form: Earnings, belongings, vegetables, savings, surroundings, complements, tongs, trousers, shorts, pants, jeans, eyeglasses, pliers, tweezers, dregs, eaves, odds, proceeds, scissors, shears, spectacles, vitals, wages, etc.
Singular.................Plural
What is Pronoun in English?
The words that are used as substitutes for nouns is called Pronoun. Pronoun adds variety in a paragraph by minimizing the repeated use of one word.
How many kinds of Pronouns are there in Parts of Speech?
Pronouns are divided into 9 categories:
- Personal Pronoun
- Demonstrative pronoun
- Interrogative Pronoun
- Relative Pronoun
- Indefinite pronoun
- Distributive Pronoun
- Reflexive/Intensive Pronoun
- Possessive Pronoun
- Reciprocal pronoun
Uses of Subjective form:
- In Sentences as subject (ex: We are human beings)
- After the be verb (ex: It was I who helped you)
- After as, then and that (ex: John is smarter than I)
Uses of Possessive Adjective form:
- After Gerund (ex: )
- This means parts of the body (ex: The boy broke his legs yesterday)
- The middle between Verb and Object (I know about his talent )
Uses of Objective form:
- In Sentences as Object (ex: Everybody respects him)
- After Preposition (ex: To us, it seems a good bargain)
- After Let (ex: Let me love you)
Demonstrative Pronoun: A Pronoun that points out some Noun In lieu of which it is used, is called a Demonstrative Pronoun. (this, that, these, those, such)
- This and that are used as Singular.
- These and those are used as a plural.
Interrogative Pronoun: The Pronoun which asks questions, is called the Interrogative pronoun. (what, who, whom, which, whose, why, when, where, etc.)
- Who, whom, and whose are used as substitutes for personal nouns.
- what and which are used as substitutes for material nouns.
- 'When' is used to ask about time.
- 'where' is used to ask about a place.
- 'why' is placed to know about the reason.
Relative Pronoun: The Pronoun that refers to the same noun or pronoun mentioned before and at the same time joins two sentences. ( who, which/that, whom, where, when, etc.)
- ex: I know the man who was my well-wisher.
Indefinite Pronoun: When a pronoun stands for a person or thing in general without referring to any particular person or thing. (one, no, some, all, another, other, some, any, anybody, anyone, anything, somebody, someone, something, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, no one, nothing)
- some/any/every/no + body/thing/one + Verb singular
ex: Nobody likes a liar,
Distributive Pronoun: The Pronoun that separates one person or thing from a number of persons or things, is called Distributive Pronoun. (each, every, either & neither)
- ex: Each of the students is very friendly and hospitable.
Reflexive Pronoun: When the subject and object of a verb refer to the same person or thing, Reflexive Pronouns are used in such sentences as objects. (myself, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, themselves, itself & oneself)
- ex: The actor was killed by himself.
Possessive Pronoun: Possessive Pronouns are in fact Personal Pronouns. They show the persons in possession of something. (mine, yours, his, hers, theirs, its)
- A friend of mine is getting married.
Reciprocal Pronoun: The Pronoun that Indicates each other between two persons or one another among more than two persons, is called Reciprocal Pronoun. (each other & one another)
- The four children are fond of one another.
Adjective:
What do you mean by Adjective?
Adjectives are some words that modify a noun, a pronoun, or a linking verb and express quality, quantity, shape, state, etc. An adjective answers the question: What kind...?
How many types of Adjectives are in Parts of Speech?
Adjectives mainly fall into 5 categories:
- Proper Adjective
- Adjective of Quality/ Descriptive
- Adjective of Quantity/ Quantitative
- Adjective of Number/ Numeral
- Pronominal Adjective:
- Demonstrative Adjective
- Distributive Adjective
- Interrogative Adjective
- Possessive Adjective
- Relative Adjective
Proper Adjective: Proper Adjectives are formed from Nouns and modify both Noun and Pronoun. (Japanese, Chinese, Bengali, Korean, American, Indian, Russian, Srilankan, etc.)
- ex: Korean people are very friendly and hospitable.
Descriptive Adjective: They are used to describe the quality, fault, or condition of any person or object. (honest, truthful, intelligent, beautiful, persevere, diligent, laborious, guilty, dishonest, ugly, etc.)
- ex: Samira is a diligent girl.
Quantitative Adjective: Adjectives that modify a Noun or a Pronoun by quantity. (little, much, few, many, a glass of, some, etc.)
- ex: He fetched a glass of water.
Numeral Adjective: The words that describe the number or the order of a Noun. (one, first, single, two, second, double, three, third, triple, four, fourth, fourfold, five, fifth, plenty, enough, etc.)
- I obtained the third position in that match,
Pronominal Adjective: When any Pronoun precedes a Noun and works as an Adjective, it is called a Pronominal Adjective. ( that, every, what, your, which)
- ex: Every man wants to be happy.
Demonstrative Adjective: When any Demonstrative pronoun precedes a Noun and works as an Adjective. (this, that, these, those, such, other)
- ex: These books are my favorite too.
Distributive Adjective: When any Distributive Pronoun precedes a Noun and works as an Adjective. (each, every, either, neither)
- ex: Neither player could score any goal.
Interrogative Adjective: When any Interrogative Pronoun precedes a Noun and works as an Adjective. (What, Which, Whose)
- ex: Whose sacrifice made it possible?
Possessive Adjective: When any Possessive Pronoun precedes a Noun and works as an Adjective. (my, our, your, their, his, her, it,s )
- ex: I fall in love with her smile.
Relative Adjective: When any Relative Pronoun precedes a Noun and works as an Adjective. (that, which)
- ex: I have really forgotten which books you wanted.
Formation of Adjective:
There are some common suffixes by which adjectives are formed. Such as, " ous-courteous, ent-convenient, al-conventional, ful-careful, less-careless, able-capable, ic-heroic, ble-incredible, tive-educative, sive-intensive, etc"
Comparison of Adjective/Degree:
|
Positive |
Comparative |
Superlative |
|
Strong Noble |
Stronger Nobler |
Strongest Noblest |
|
Fit Thin |
Fitter Thinner |
Fittest Thinnest |
|
Deep |
Deeper |
Deepest |
|
Heavy Lazy |
Heavier Lazier |
Heaviest Laziest |
|
Grey |
Greyer |
Greyest |
|
Bad Little |
Worse Less |
Worst Least |
|
Useful Intelligent |
More useful More intelligent |
Most useful Most intelligent |
Verb:
What is the definition of a Verb in English?
Generally. A verb shows the action of the sentence. But the verb comprises action + existence + experience. Every ideal sentence must have a verb. A Verb may be a single word or a verb phrase. A verb phrase comprises one or more auxiliaries and one main verb. Remember, the Auxiliaries always precede the main verb.
How many kinds of Verb in Parts of Speech?
Verbs mainly fall into two categories. But there have many subcategories which can't describe exactly in numbers.
The main two categories of verbs are:
- Finite verb
- Non-finite verb
- Principal Verb:
- Transitive
- Factitive Verb
- Quasi-Passive Verb
- Reflexive Verb
- Reciprocal Verb
- Intransitive
- Copulative Verb
- Causative Verb
- Cognate Verb
- Linking Verb
- Auxiliary verb:
- Primary Auxiliary Verb
- Modal Auxiliary Verb
- Participle
- Present Participle
- Past participle
- Perfect participle
- Gerund
- Infinitive
Finite Verb: The Verbs which complete the actions. They are changed in forms as Tense, Number, and Person of the subject.
- I went to a shopping mall yesterday.
- Rina has drunk a glass of water,
- She goes to school every day.
Non-finite Verb: The Verbs which can't complete their actions. Their forms are not changed as Tense, Number, and Person.
- I like to draw a picture.
- I like singing.
- Canada is a developed country.
Principal Verb: The Verbs that are used independently without the help of other verbs.
Basic forms/conjugations of Verbs:
- Present form(v1)- go
- Past form(v2)- went
- Past Participle form(v3)- gone
- Verb(ing)- going
- Verb(s/es)- goes
- I agree with your opinion.
- She gazed at me for a long time.
- I obey my parents more than anything else.
Transitive Verb: The Verb which needs an object to clear meaning. If a verb is questioned by what or whom, we will find the object of a sentence. Objects mainly fall into two categories. One is a direct object other is an indirect object.
- The cleaner sweeps the ground every day.
- The cowboy grazes the cow in a forest.
- Sunita wrote me a poem last week.
Intransitive Verb: The Verb which need not an object to perform his action.
- Gold glitters.
- She is smiling.
Linking Verb: A Linking Verb is one that links together either a Noun and an Adjective or two Nouns that refer to the same person or thing. They are not acted like a Verb.
- She feels guilty.
- He looks awesome.
Auxiliary Verb: An Auxiliary Verb generally helps a Principal Verb to Perform tense, mood or voice.
Primary Auxiliary Verb: These kinds of Verbs are used in Sentences as helping verbs. But in most cases, they are used in a sentence as Principal Verbs too.
Types of Primary Auxiliary Verbs:
- To Be (am, is, are, was, were, been)
- To Have (have, has, had)
- To-Do (do, does, did)
- They were laughing so loudly.
- I have gained many experiences from my life.
- He did this job wonderfully.
Modal Auxiliary Verb: This is one kind of special auxiliary verb that is used to describe the possibility, permission, intention, etc. of a sentence. Usually, after a Modal Auxiliary, we use the base form of a Principal Verb. But when 'be' or 'have' has been added after a Modal Auxiliary then we have to use the principal verb in Past Participle form if required.
Some basic categories of Modal Auxiliary Verb:
- M.A Verb (shall, will, can, may, should, would, could, might, must, need, dare, ought to)
- M.A Verb (am to, is to, are to, was to, were to, have to, has to, had to, used to)
- M.A verb ( can be, could be, could have, shall be, should be, should have, maybe, might be, might have, had better, had rather, would better, would rather, etc.)
- Rakib must change his bad habit.
- John had better go to school today.
- It may have rained last night but I'm not sure.
- Corruption should be stopped.
- I could be a doctor.
Participle: A word made from a Verb and used as an Adjective. It comprises adding (ing, ed, en) to the end of a verb.
- The crying baby woke Mr. Smith.
- The dish broken by the child was mine.
- The imprisoned man was unhappy with his life.
Gerund: A form of the Verb made by adding (-ing) to the base form of the Verb. Generally, it works as a Noun. Like going, being, building, and giving.
- I like swimming.
- He wants to learn typing.
- She wants engineering to be his major.
- Learning typing is difficult.
Infinitive: A form of the Verb preceded by the Preposition 'to', expressed or understood. Infinitive functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb. It builds with (to + verb base form ). Such as to be, to go, to give, to build, etc. It is also used as Passive Infinitive. Like, to be asked.
- He forgot to read the directions.
- I waited to see you.
- To read the directions is important.
- The book is to be studied.
Adverb:
What do you mean by an Adverb in the English Language?
An adverb is a modifying word. It basically modifies or adds something to the meaning of a Verb. It can also modify Adjectives, Adverbs, Phrases even a Sentence. Adverbs can be used in front, mid, or end Sentences. An adverb answers the question: how?
Categories of Adverbs in Parts of Speech:
Adverbs mainly fall into three categories. They are given below.
- Simple Adverb
- Adverb of Manner
- Adverb of Time
- Adverb of Place
- Adverb of Degree
- Adverb of Frequency
- Adverb of Causes and Effects
- Adverb of Assertion
- Adverb of Order
- Interrogative Adverb
- Relative Adverb
Adverb of Manner: They show how something is done. (loudly, slowly, directly, lightly, etc.)
- The speaker delivered his speech loudly.
Adverb of Time: They show when something is done. (then, now, before, after, since, daily, yesterday, tomorrow, already, often, soon, while, when, early, instantly, late, always, afterward, presently, lately, immediately, sometimes, hourly, weekly, monthly, etc.)
- I have already had my dinner.
Adverb of Place: They show where something is done. (there, here, near, abroad, ahead, overhead, everywhere, anywhere, in, out, up, above, bellow, down, inside, outside, within, without, etc.)
- The job checker went inside the interview office.
Adverb of Degree: They show how much or what degree. (very, much, little, quiet, less, too, almost partly, extremely, fairly, completely, strongly, totally, hardly, rather, etc)
- The student is strong enough to overcome his failure.
Adverb of Frequency: They show how long or how much something is done. (generally, usually, always, sometimes, once, twice, thrice, frequently, occasionally, etc)
- Sometimes, I fall in danger due to poverty.
Adverb of Causes and Effects: They show the causes and the effects of verbs. (as, yet, so, because, hence, therefore, consequently, accordingly, etc,)
- Therefore, You should follow the instructions.
Adverb of Assertion: These kinds of Adverbs give the answer of a Verb 'yes or no' or make sure whether the work is done. (yes, no, never, surely, perhaps, really, truly, obviously, probably, certainly, actually, definitely, absolutely, thoroughly, indeed, at all, etc.)
- Perhaps, you never pardon me.
Adverb of Order: These types of Adverbs show the stage or the sequence of something is done. (first, second, third, firstly, secondly, lastly, etc.)
- Firstly, you should find out the reason for your failure.
Interrogative Adverb: When a question is asked by using 'when, why, where, how, etc' and expressed time, place, manner, degree, cause, number, or quantity, they are called Interrogative Adverbs.
- How did he finish his job?
Relative Adverb: When some wh-words like when, why, where, how, etc join two clauses or two sentences as Relative Pronoun then we call them Relative Adverbs.
- I know the reason why he came.
Article:
What is Article?
The article is one kind of determiner of Part of Speech that can be preceded by a Noun or a Noun phrase. It is also used before an Adjective or an Adverb. Articles are basically used to identify whether the noun that is preceded by an article is definite or indefinite. The article behaves like an Adjective.
Types of Article:
- Indefinite (a. an)
- Definite (the)
Indefinite Article: Indefinite Articles (a or an) can precede only singular count Nouns; they mean one. They can be used in a general statement or to introduce a subject that has not been previously mentioned.
Uses of A: A is used before words that begin with a consonant sound. But some words can be confusing because the spelling does not indicate the exact pronunciation. The following words begin with a vowel but pronounce like consonant sound and thus must be preceded by A.
European, eulogy, euphemism, eucalyptus, house, home, heavy, half, uniform, university, universal, union.
- He has a new mobile phone.
- He is a university student.
Uses of An: An is used before words that begin with a vowel sound. There have some words that begin with a vowel but pronounce like a consonant sound thus they must be preceded by An. Like,
heir, hour, herbal, uncle, honor, umbrella, unnatural, understanding.
- Paul was an idle boy.
- I will reach there an hour later.
Definite Article: Definite Article(the) is used to indicate something that we already know about or something that is common knowledge.
Uses of The: The is used to indicate something which is definite or has been previously mentioned. Some common uses of The:
- Rivers, oceans, seas, plural lakes, gulfs: the Red sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Persian Gulf, the Great Lakes, etc.
- Mountains: the Rocky Mountains, the Andes
- Earth, moon: the earth, the moon
- Historical events: The world war - ii, The Independence War, The Six-Point Movement, etc.
- Newspapers, holy books, epic: The Holy Quaran, the Bible, the Daily Star, The Meghnad Bodh, etc.
- Group of countries with more than one word: the United States, the United Kingdom, the Central African Republic, etc.
- Ordinal numbers before Noun: the First World War, The the third chapter.
- Famous events and things: the Tithumir Express, the Emirates Airlines, the Apollo 11, the Boeing 707, the Taj Mahal, the Titanic sank, the Pan Pacific Sonargaon, etc.
- Ethnic groups: The Indians, the Bangali, the Americans, The Chinese, etc.
What is Preposition in the English Language?
Generally, a Preposition is placed before a noun or a pronoun to show its connectivity to some other words in the sentence.
How many types of prepositions are in Parts of Speech?
There are 6 kinds of Preposition:
- Simple Preposition
- Double Preposition
- Compound Preposition
- Phrase Preposition/ prepositional Phrase
- Participle Preposition
- Disguised Preposition
Double Preposition: Double Prepositions are formed with two or more simple Prepositions. (in+to=into, up+on=upon, up+to=upto, with+in=within, with+out=without, etc.)
Compound Preposition: Compound Prepositions are formed with other Parts of Speech. (by+hind=behind, by+fore=before, by+low=below, by+twin=between, by+yond=beyond, by+side=beside, on+cross=across, on+long=along)
Phrase Preposition: When one or more Prepositions form a phrase combined with other Parts of Speech and worked like Prespostion, then we call them Prepositional Phrases. (at the top of, by dint of, by means of, for the sake of, in case of, in course of, for the purpose of, in lieu of, in honor of, in front of, in respect of, in spite of, on account of, on behalf of, etc.)
Participle preposition: If present participle or past participle works as Prepositions, they are called Participle prepositions. (regarding, considering, concerning, following, including, excluding, etc)
Disguised Preposition: These kinds of Prepositions are used in short form. (in week=a week, in year=a year, of clock=o'clock, etc.)
Golden Collection of Appropriate preposition:
Verb + Preposition to:
(accede, adapt, adhere, allot, apologize, aspire, belong, contribute, prefer, yield)
Verb + Preposition from:
(abstain, derive, deviate, differ, dissent, emerge, escape, exclude, preserve, prevent, prohibit, protect, recover, refrain)
Verb + Preposition with:
(comply, console, cope, disagree, dispense, fill, meddle, part, vie)
Verb + Preposition of:
(boast, complain, despair, dream, acquit)
Verb + Preposition in:
(delight, employ, excel, fall, indulge, preserve)
Verb + Preposition on:
(insist, impose, depend, determine, dwell, subsist)
Adjective + Preposition with:
(popular, satisfied, acquainted, busy, complaint, contrasted, contemporary, consistent, gifted, endowed, delighted, inspired, intimate, invested)
Adjective + Preposition of:
(proud, innocent, accused, confident, conscious, convicted, deprived, desirous, destitute, devoid, dull, easy, fearful, fond, greedy, guilty, ignorant)
Adjective + Preposition to:
(relevant, prior, accessible, addicted, adjacent, alien, alive, amenable, beneficial, conducive, deaf, detrimental, devoted, disastrous, equal, fatal, indebted, indifferent, irrelevant, indigenous, loyal, opposite, peculiar)
Adjective + Preposition in:
(proficient, versed, absorbed, accurate, backward, defective, experienced, diligent, interested, involved)
Noun + Preposition for:
(leisure, pity, fondness, desire, craving, anxiety, apology, appetite, compensation)
Noun + Preposition with:
(enmity, acquaintance, bargain comparison, conformity)
Noun + Preposition of :
(proof, experience, doubt, assurance, distrust)
Noun + Preposition to:
(supplement, reference, sequel, succession, access, alternative, approach, attachment, disgrace, indifference, key, obedient, objection, opposition, preface)
Some confusing uses of appropriate Preposition:
- According to-------accordance with
- Qualified for-------disqualified from
- Result of------------resulted from
- Affection for-------affectionate to
- Alternate with-----alternative to
- Ambition for-------ambitious of
- Capable of---------capacity for
- Confident of-------confidence in
- Desire for----------desirous of
- Equal to------------equally with
- Except for----------exception to
- Fond of-------------fondness for
- Founded on--------foundation in
- Prejudice against--prejudicial to
- Partial to------------partiality for
- Hindered from-----hindrance to
- Respect for---------respectful to
- Seized upon--------seizure of
- Sensible of---------insensible to
- Subsequent to-----Consequent upon
- Trust in------------distrust of
- Want of------------wanting in
What is Conjunction in English?
The words that join one or more words, phrases, or sentences and make a connection between them are called Conjunctions.
How many types of Conjunction are there?
There are 3 kinds of Conjunction in Parts of Speeches:
- Coordinating Conjunction
- Subordinating Conjunction
- Correlative Conjunction
Coordinating Conjunction: Conjunctions that connect two similar words or phrases or sentences. These Conjunctions are similar in grammatical rules and structure. Such as, and, or, but, yet, so, or, nor, as well as, etc.
Subordinating Conjunction: Conjunctions that are used to join Subordinate/dependent clauses to a Principal/independent clause. Such as, as, since, when, if, though, although, that, so that, whether, after, before, etc.
ex: Though he is Hindu, he shows respect to a Muslim,
Correlative Conjunction: Conjunctions that are used to join similar words or phrases in pairs. Such as, not only...but also, both...and, so...that, either...or, neither...nor, no sooner...that, hardly...than, scarcely...when, else...than, though...yet, whether...or, else...than, etc.
ex: Either Jony or Rony passed the exam.
Interjection:
What is Interjection in English?
How many types of Conjunction are in Parts of Speeches?
There are six kinds of Interjection:
- Interjections for Greeting (Hi!, Hello!, Hey!)
- Interjections for Joy (Hurrah!, Hurray!, Wow!)
- Interjections for Attention (Look!, Listen!, Hush!)
- Interjections for Approval (Well done!, Brilliant!, Bravo!)
- Interjections for Surprise (Ah!, Oh!, What!)
- Interjections for Sorrow (Alas!, Ouch!, Oops!)
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