- Finite verb
- Non-finite verb
Finite Verb:
- Principal Verb:
- Transitive
- Factitive Verb
- Quasi-Passive Verb
- Reflexive Verb
- Reciprocal Verb
- Intransitive
- Copulative Verb
- Causative Verb
- Cognate Verb
- Linking Verb
- Auxiliary verb:
- Primary Auxiliary Verb
- Modal Auxiliary Verb
Non-Finite Verb:
- Participle
- Present Participle
- Past participle
- Perfect participle
- Gerund
- Infinitive
Classifications of Verb in a chart:
Finite Verb: The Verbs which complete the actions. They are changed in forms as Tense, Number, and Person of the subject.
- I went to a shopping mall yesterday.
- Rina has drunk a glass of water,
- She goes to school every day.
Non-finite Verb: The Verbs which can't complete their actions. Their forms are not changed as Tense, Number, and Person.
- I like to draw a picture.
- I like singing.
- Canada is a developed country.
Principal Verb: The Verbs that are used independently without the help of other verbs.
Basic forms/conjugations of Verbs:
- Present form(v1)- go
- Past form(v2)- went
- Past Participle form(v3)- gone
- Verb(ing)- going
- Verb(s/es)- goes
Examples of practical uses:
- I agree with your opinion.
- She gazed at me for a long time.
- I obey my parents more than anything else.
Generally, Regular/Weak verbs are changed their forms by adding d/ed at the end of the Verbs. We have to focus on changing the forms of Irregular/Strong verbs. Here, I'm trying to refer to some essential changes in Strong Verbs.
Transitive Verb: The Verb which needs an object to clear meaning. If a verb is questioned by what or whom, we will find the object of a sentence. Objects mainly fall into two categories. One is a direct object other is an indirect object.- The cleaner sweeps the ground every day.
- The cowboy grazes the cow in a forest.
- Sunita wrote me a poem last week.
Intransitive Verb: The Verb which need not an object to perform his action.
- Gold glitters.
- She is smiling.
Linking Verb: A Linking Verb is one that links together either a Noun and an Adjective or two Nouns that refer to the same person or thing. They are not acted like a Verb.
- She feels guilty.
- He looks awesome.
Auxiliary Verb: An Auxiliary Verb generally helps a Principal Verb to Perform tense, mood or voice.
Primary Auxiliary Verb: These kinds of Verbs are used in Sentences as helping verbs. But in most cases, they are used in a sentence as Principal Verbs too.
Types of Primary Auxiliary Verbs:
- To Be (am, is, are, was, were, been)
- To Have (have, has, had)
- To-Do (do, does, did)
Examples with practical uses:
- They were laughing so loudly.
- I have gained many experiences from my life.
- He did this job wonderfully.
Modal Auxiliary Verb: This is one kind of special auxiliary verb that is used to describe the possibility, permission, intention, etc. of a sentence. Usually, after a Modal Auxiliary, we use the base form of a Principal Verb. But when 'be' or 'have' has been added after a Modal Auxiliary then we have to use the principal verb in Past Participle form if required.
Some basic categories of Modal Auxiliary Verb:
- M.A Verb (shall, will, can, may, should, would, could, might, must, need, dare, ought to)
- M.A Verb (am to, is to, are to, was to, were to, have to, has to, had to, used to)
- M.A verb ( can be, could be, could have, shall be, should be, should have, maybe, might be, might have, had better, had rather, would better, would rather, etc.)
Examples with practical uses:
- Rakib must change his bad habit.
- John had better go to school today.
- It may have rained last night but I'm not sure.
- Corruption should be stopped.
- I could be a doctor.
Participle: A word made from a Verb and used as an Adjective. It comprises adding (ing, ed, en) to the end of a verb.
- The crying baby woke Mr. Smith.
- The dish broken by the child was mine.
- The imprisoned man was unhappy with his life.
Gerund: A form of the Verb made by adding (-ing) to the base form of the Verb. Generally, it works as a Noun. Like going, being, building, and giving.
- I like swimming.
- He wants to learn typing.
- She wants engineering to be his major.
- Learning typing is difficult.
Infinitive: A form of the Verb preceded by the Preposition 'to', expressed or understood. Infinitive functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb. It builds with (to + verb base form ). Such as to be, to go, to give, to build, etc. It is also used as Passive Infinitive. Like, to be asked.
- He forgot to read the directions.
- I waited to see you.
- To read the directions is important.
- The book is to be studied.
Adverb:
What do you mean by an Adverb in the English Language?
An adverb is a modifying word. It basically modifies or adds something to the meaning of a Verb. It can also modify Adjectives, Adverbs, Phrases even a Sentence. Adverbs can be used in front, mid, or end Sentences. An adverb answers the question: how?
Categories of Adverbs in Parts of Speech:
Adverbs mainly fall into three categories. They are given below.
- Simple Adverb
- Adverb of Manner
- Adverb of Time
- Adverb of Place
- Adverb of Degree
- Adverb of Frequency
- Adverb of Causes and Effects
- Adverb of Assertion
- Adverb of Order
- Interrogative Adverb
- Relative Adverb
Adverb of Manner: They show how something is done. (loudly, slowly, directly, lightly, etc.)
- The speaker delivered his speech loudly.
Adverb of Time: They show when something is done. (then, now, before, after, since, daily, yesterday, tomorrow, already, often, soon, while, when, early, instantly, late, always, afterward, presently, lately, immediately, sometimes, hourly, weekly, monthly, etc.)
- I have already had my dinner.
Adverb of Place: They show where something is done. (there, here, near, abroad, ahead, overhead, everywhere, anywhere, in, out, up, above, bellow, down, inside, outside, within, without, etc.)
- The job checker went inside the interview office.
Adverb of Degree: They show how much or what degree. (very, much, little, quiet, less, too, almost partly, extremely, fairly, completely, strongly, totally, hardly, rather, etc)
- The student is strong enough to overcome his failure.
Adverb of Frequency: They show how long or how much something is done. (generally, usually, always, sometimes, once, twice, thrice, frequently, occasionally, etc)
- Sometimes, I fall in danger due to poverty.
Adverb of Causes and Effects: They show the causes and the effects of verbs. (as, yet, so, because, hence, therefore, consequently, accordingly, etc,)
- Therefore, You should follow the instructions.
Adverb of Assertion: These kinds of Adverbs give the answer of a Verb 'yes or no' or make sure whether the work is done. (yes, no, never, surely, perhaps, really, truly, obviously, probably, certainly, actually, definitely, absolutely, thoroughly, indeed, at all, etc.)
- Perhaps, you never pardon me.
Adverb of Order: These types of Adverbs show the stage or the sequence of something is done. (first, second, third, firstly, secondly, lastly, etc.)
- Firstly, you should find out the reason for your failure.
Interrogative Adverb: When a question is asked by using 'when, why, where, how, etc' and expressed time, place, manner, degree, cause, number, or quantity, they are called Interrogative Adverbs.
- How did he finish his job?
Relative Adverb: When some wh-words like when, why, where, how, etc join two clauses or two sentences as Relative Pronoun then we call them Relative Adverbs.
- I know the reason why he came.
Article:
What is Article?
The article is one kind of determiner of Part of Speech that can be preceded by a Noun or a Noun phrase. It is also used before an Adjective or an Adverb. Articles are basically used to identify whether the noun that is preceded by an article is definite or indefinite. The article behaves like an Adjective.
Types of Article:
- Indefinite (a. an)
- Definite (the)
Indefinite Article: Indefinite Articles (a or an) can precede only singular count Nouns; they mean one. They can be used in a general statement or to introduce a subject that has not been previously mentioned.
Uses of A: A is used before words that begin with a consonant sound. But some words can be confusing because the spelling does not indicate the exact pronunciation. The following words begin with a vowel but pronounce like consonant sound and thus must be preceded by A.
European, eulogy, euphemism, eucalyptus, house, home, heavy, half, uniform, university, universal, union.
- He has a new mobile phone.
- He is a university student.
Uses of An: An is used before words that begin with a vowel sound. There have some words that begin with a vowel but pronounce like a consonant sound thus they must be preceded by An. Like,
heir, hour, herbal, uncle, honor, umbrella, unnatural, understanding.
- Paul was an idle boy.
- I will reach there an hour later.
Definite Article: Definite Article(the) is used to indicate something that we already know about or something that is common knowledge.
Uses of The: The is used to indicate something which is definite or has been previously mentioned. Some common uses of The:
- Rivers, oceans, seas, plural lakes, gulfs: the Red sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Persian Gulf, the Great Lakes, etc.
- Mountains: the Rocky Mountains, the Andes
- Earth, moon: the earth, the moon
- Historical events: The world war - ii, The Independence War, The Six-Point Movement, etc.
- Newspapers, holy books, epic: The Holy Quaran, the Bible, the Daily Star, The Meghnad Bodh, etc.
- Group of countries with more than one word: the United States, the United Kingdom, the Central African Republic, etc.
- Ordinal numbers before Noun: the First World War, The the third chapter.
- Famous events and things: the Tithumir Express, the Emirates Airlines, the Apollo 11, the Boeing 707, the Taj Mahal, the Titanic sank, the Pan Pacific Sonargaon, etc.
- Ethnic groups: The Indians, the Bangali, the Americans, The Chinese, etc.
Preposition:
What is Preposition in the English Language?
Generally, a Preposition is placed before a noun or a pronoun to show its connectivity to some other words in the sentence.
How many types of prepositions are in Parts of Speech?
There are 6 kinds of Preposition:
- Simple Preposition
- Double Preposition
- Compound Preposition
- Phrase Preposition/ prepositional Phrase
- Participle Preposition
- Disguised Preposition
Simple Preposition: Simple Prepositions are formed with a single word. (at, in, to, on, up, of, for, during, above, after, with, from, among, under, etc.)
Double Preposition: Double Prepositions are formed with two or more simple Prepositions. (in+to=into, up+on=upon, up+to=upto, with+in=within, with+out=without, etc.)
Compound Preposition: Compound Prepositions are formed with other Parts of Speech. (by+hind=behind, by+fore=before, by+low=below, by+twin=between, by+yond=beyond, by+side=beside, on+cross=across, on+long=along)
Phrase Preposition: When one or more Prepositions form a phrase combined with other Parts of Speech and worked like Prespostion, then we call them Prepositional Phrases. (at the top of, by dint of, by means of, for the sake of, in case of, in course of, for the purpose of, in lieu of, in honor of, in front of, in respect of, in spite of, on account of, on behalf of, etc.)
Participle preposition: If present participle or past participle works as Prepositions, they are called Participle prepositions. (regarding, considering, concerning, following, including, excluding, etc)
Disguised Preposition: These kinds of Prepositions are used in short form. (in week=a week, in year=a year, of clock=o'clock, etc.)
Golden Collection of Appropriate preposition:
Verb + Preposition to:
(accede, adapt, adhere, allot, apologize, aspire, belong, contribute, prefer, yield)
Verb + Preposition from:
(abstain, derive, deviate, differ, dissent, emerge, escape, exclude, preserve, prevent, prohibit, protect, recover, refrain)
Verb + Preposition with:
(comply, console, cope, disagree, dispense, fill, meddle, part, vie)
Verb + Preposition of:
(boast, complain, despair, dream, acquit)
Verb + Preposition in:
(delight, employ, excel, fall, indulge, preserve)
Verb + Preposition on:
(insist, impose, depend, determine, dwell, subsist)
Adjective + Preposition with:
(popular, satisfied, acquainted, busy, complaint, contrasted, contemporary, consistent, gifted, endowed, delighted, inspired, intimate, invested)
Adjective + Preposition of:
(proud, innocent, accused, confident, conscious, convicted, deprived, desirous, destitute, devoid, dull, easy, fearful, fond, greedy, guilty, ignorant)
Adjective + Preposition to:
(relevant, prior, accessible, addicted, adjacent, alien, alive, amenable, beneficial, conducive, deaf, detrimental, devoted, disastrous, equal, fatal, indebted, indifferent, irrelevant, indigenous, loyal, opposite, peculiar)
Adjective + Preposition in:
(proficient, versed, absorbed, accurate, backward, defective, experienced, diligent, interested, involved)
Noun + Preposition for:
(leisure, pity, fondness, desire, craving, anxiety, apology, appetite, compensation)
Noun + Preposition with:
(enmity, acquaintance, bargain comparison, conformity)
Noun + Preposition of :
(proof, experience, doubt, assurance, distrust)
Noun + Preposition to:
(supplement, reference, sequel, succession, access, alternative, approach, attachment, disgrace, indifference, key, obedient, objection, opposition, preface)
Some confusing uses of appropriate Preposition:
- According to-------accordance with
- Qualified for-------disqualified from
- Result of------------resulted from
- Affection for-------affectionate to
- Alternate with-----alternative to
- Ambition for-------ambitious of
- Capable of---------capacity for
- Confident of-------confidence in
- Desire for----------desirous of
- Equal to------------equally with
- Except for----------exception to
- Fond of-------------fondness for
- Founded on--------foundation in
- Prejudice against--prejudicial to
- Partial to------------partiality for
- Hindered from-----hindrance to
- Respect for---------respectful to
- Seized upon--------seizure of
- Sensible of---------insensible to
- Subsequent to-----Consequent upon
- Trust in------------distrust of
- Want of------------wanting in
Conjunction:
What is Conjunction in English?
The words that join one or more words, phrases, or sentences and make a connection between them are called Conjunctions.
How many types of Conjunction are there?
There are 3 kinds of Conjunction in Parts of Speeches:
- Coordinating Conjunction
- Subordinating Conjunction
- Correlative Conjunction
Coordinating Conjunction: Conjunctions that connect two similar words or phrases or sentences. These Conjunctions are similar in grammatical rules and structure. Such as, and, or, but, yet, so, or, nor, as well as, etc.
ex: He is good and intelligent.
Subordinating Conjunction: Conjunctions that are used to join Subordinate/dependent clauses to a Principal/independent clause. Such as, as, since, when, if, though, although, that, so that, whether, after, before, etc.
ex: Though he is Hindu, he shows respect to a Muslim,
Correlative Conjunction: Conjunctions that are used to join similar words or phrases in pairs. Such as, not only...but also, both...and, so...that, either...or, neither...nor, no sooner...that, hardly...than, scarcely...when, else...than, though...yet, whether...or, else...than, etc.
ex: Either Jony or Rony passed the exam.
Interjection:
What is Interjection in English?
An interjection is a word that expresses sudden feelings or emotions. Generally, an Interjection stands at the very beginning of a sentence. Without interjections, a sentence can be completed but they are used as a replacement for emotions and to make a story more interesting and meaningful.
How many types of Conjunction are in Parts of Speeches?
There are six kinds of Interjection:
- Interjections for Greeting (Hi!, Hello!, Hey!)
- Interjections for Joy (Hurrah!, Hurray!, Wow!)
- Interjections for Attention (Look!, Listen!, Hush!)
- Interjections for Approval (Well done!, Brilliant!, Bravo!)
- Interjections for Surprise (Ah!, Oh!, What!)
- Interjections for Sorrow (Alas!, Ouch!, Oops!)
Interjections end up with three kinds of punctuation based on the degree of emotions. They are exclamation marks, comma, and Interrogation marks.
Ex-i: Alas! I'm undone.
Ex-ii: Oh well, you can go now.
Ex-iii: What? Are you mad?
